The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Essay - 1166 Words

The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Did you know that 3,000 American non-smokers will die this year from lung cancer? Those deaths are entirely preventable. Their lung cancer is caused by second hand smoke. Second hand smoke is smoke they have breathed in from other peoples cigarettes. It is also known as involuntary or passive smoking. There is nothing passive however about the effects of this smoke. It is lethal and it is dangerous. It may give as many as 300,000 children under the age of one and half bronchitis and pneumonia. It could even be responsible for more than 35,000 deaths from heart disease. Smoking causes lung cancer. This fact is indisputable. What is sometimes disputed is the extent to which the smoke from other†¦show more content†¦As a carcinogen, tobacco smoke ranks alongside other cancer causing agents such as asbestos, arsenic, benzene and radon gas. Tobacco smoke is full of carbon monoxide. This is a poisonous gas that inhibits the transportation of oxygen to the bodys vital organs. Coming out of the tip of someone elses cigarette are double the concentrations of nicotine. There are three times the amount of the carcinogen benzo (a) pyrene, five times the amount of carbon monoxide and fifty times the amount of ammonia. On top of this the person quietly puffing away next to you is allowing arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and hydrogen cyanide into the air that you are breathing. In despite of this knowledge 43% of children in the US are exposed to second hand smoke in their own homes. Despite the attempts of many places to ban smoking there are still millions of people, who are at risk from the effects of second hand smoke. Many of these will die prematurely. It is perhaps though in children that we see the most alarming effects of the exposure to second hand smoke. Childrens lungs are still developing at their young age. Exposure to second hand smoke means they will have a decreased lung function. A childs airways are also smaller. This means a child will have to breath faster. The result is a child will breath in comparatively more of the poisonous chemicals than an adult in the same room. Exposure of children to second hand smoke leads to anShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Second Hand Smoke On Children843 Words   |  4 PagesSecond Hand Smoke Do people know second hand smoke not only affects the person smoking, but it also affects the people around them? Not everyone is aware of the risks of second hand smoke nor how it can effect their future. Second hand smoke is an issue that affects everyone and everybody around it such as unborn children, children, adults, non-smokers and should be avoided as much as possible. What exactly is second hand smoke? Second hand smoke is a combination of burning tobacco and the exhaledRead MoreBiological Effects from Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke776 Words   |  3 Pagesof up-to-date evidence dealing with biological effects from exposure to second-hand smoke. A lot of people aren’t educated about this topic, but second-hand smoke can harm someone almost as much as someone who actually smokes, depending on how often he/she is around it. Young children are a huge target for this subject because many biological and medical researchers have found second-hand smoke causing lifetime damage, and many other negative effects to children as they grow. Smoking bans in certainRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke An Australian courtroom, November 2002, has banned a mother of a ten year old boy from smoking in her household (Watts). This is because of the numerous harmful effects that go along with second hand smoke. The court was protecting the child from these dangers; the mother and grandfather both admitted to smoking approximately 40 cigarettes everyday (Watts). The ruling was done by the anti-smoking lobby, and was a first for this type of caseRead MoreThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke Exposure to second hand smoke, which for the purposes of this report will be designated SHS, poses extremely detrimental health risks for any and all individuals who consider themselves non-smokers, especially young children and pregnant women. SHS is estimated to contribute to heart attacks in nonsmokers and causes nearly 53,800 deaths in the United States alone on an annual basis.1 According to the United States SurgeonRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-handRead MoreImportance Of Diffusion Of Everyday Life1218 Words   |  5 Pagesis vital to humans, some forms of diffusion can detrimental, such as cigarette smoke. There have been many researches of second hand smoking and how it affects individuals. Diffusion is important in many life processes. Research was conducted and reviewed to show that the tobacco smoke and air contamination in an outdoor setting that are affected by secondhand smoke, have great concentrations of toxins. These effects can be significant. The levels outdoor contamination can sometimes reaching levelsRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On Children s Health Before And After Your Baby951 Words   |  4 Pagesthe smoke, but all the chemicals in a cigarette as well. Cigarettes contain more than 4,000 chemicals, like nicotine, cyanide, lead, carbon monoxide, and tar. Not to mention at least 60 cancer causing chemicals. 20-30% of low birth weight babies, 14% premature labors, and 10% of infant deaths are caused from smoking during pregnancy according to American Lung Association. Smoking increases the risk of pregnancy complications at any and every stage of a pregnancy. Second hand and third hand smokeRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On Children And Children1645 Words   |  7 Pagesntroduction For many years, second hand smoke has been affecting the lungs of many people. While most of these people can get away from it, one significant population does not always have that option. Innocent children and infants are most affected by second hand smoke. Unfortunately, these adolescents do not know that it is causing major health effects to their underdeveloped bodies. Children and infants involuntary inhale smoke in their homes and on the streets where they live. Laws regardingRead MoreSmoking Must Be Banned from All Public Places Essay653 Words   |  3 Pages In this lifetime, all the public seems to be worried about is effects of global warming. Everyone is trying to make the environment safer so that Earth does not combust within the next 50 years. Yes, that is a global crisis, but there is one forming right under the publics’ nose, literally. The effect of second- and third- hand smoke is something that has become a hot topic and put on the back burner un til recently. Some states have adopted a law that prevents smoking in places like restaurantsRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 PagesLife Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smoke even if he or she exposes children to secondhand/thirdhand smoke, especially since recent studies

Managerial Stakeholder Theory Free Essays

Managerial Stakeholder Theory To predict real-life phenomena we need theories. Similarly, stakeholder theory is a theory which is used to explain the phenomena of motivation for corporate social disclosures. This research work is based on the concept of stakeholder theory and its practical applications in predicting the phenomena of corporate social disclosures (van der Laan 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Stakeholder Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further there will be explanation of Managerial stakeholder theory. The concept of stakeholder theory has got popularity among corporate world, managers, media and academics. Concept of Stakeholder management theory is very much related to business ethics and it has dominated the literature of business ethics. In doing business values become a necessary part of the organization and stakeholder theory starts from this assumption. Stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers towards their stakeholders and also tells us how the managers want to do the business. The theory also clears that what kind of relationship managers want with their stakeholders and what kind of relationship they should have (Aarhus School of Business 2004). There will also be a brief history of stakeholder theory and its role in explaining the motivation for corporate social disclosures. There are two theories which are offered to describe the phenomena of motivation for the corporate social disclosures. First one is managerial stakeholder theory and another is legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory is not our concern here as it says that corporate social disclosures are voluntary in nature and are part of process of legitimating (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). An article â€Å"The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosures: voluntary disclosures v/s solicited disclosure† from the journal â€Å"Australasian accounting business and finance journal† is considered to complete the assessment. The article is a good source of information for the topic stakeholder theory as it is currently written. This is a highly reliable article as it is taken from the journal which is a journal of university of Sydney. The article covers all the information which is required to complete this assessment. It explains the concept of corporate social disclosures in detail and how it is motivated by the theories like stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory. Accuracy of the article is excellent as it is easily accessible and contacting information of the author is also provided. The author is a highly renowned author in Australia and also is a faculty of economics and business in the University of Sydney (Colorado college community 2012). The phenomenon which is discussed in this work later is of motivation for corporate social disclosures. Corporate social disclosures are primarily voluntary in nature as it tells the stakeholders of an organization about the internal information of the organization. Stakeholders are the important part of the organization and they should have the information about the organization. But today corporate social disclosures are not voluntary every time as there are companies which keep their stakeholder away from the information which can affect them. Stakeholders like NGO’s, regulatory agencies, fund managers who are directly or indirectly associated with the organization are demanding the social information from the companies and thus increasing the social responsibilities of the companies (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization. Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are also affected by the firm’s success or failure just like customers, suppliers, employees and local community. In general the idea of the stakeholder theory is about the conceptualization of the organization i. e. how an organization should be. Friedman has said that à ¢â‚¬Å"the organization itself should be thought of as grouping of stakeholders and the purpose of the organization should be to manage their interests, needs and viewpoints. A manager’s responsibility is to manage the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholder so that they can insure their rights and participation in decision making. Management of an organization is just like an agent for the stakeholders which ensures the survival of the firm (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). The definition of stakeholder and its relationship with management; purpose of the organization and its behavior towards the stakeholders; role of the managers towards the stakeholders; these things have got changed over the time and are very confusing. For example the father of stakeholder theory Freeman himself changed the definition of stakeholder. In one of his latest publication he defines stakeholder as â€Å"those groups who are vital to the success and survival of the corporation. † In his other latest publication he states that â€Å"The principle of stakeholder recourse. Stakeholder may bring an action against the directors for failure to perform the required duty of care. † In all we can say that the concept of stakeholder theory needs to be studied thoroughly so that we can get a clear picture of the theory (Reed 1999). There are two approaches to the stakeholder theory first one is called as normative approach and the second one is known as descriptive approach. The principles and ideas which are explained above come under normative approach of Stakeholder Theory. Normative approach of stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers and stakeholders towards organization i. e. how the managers and stakeholders should act and what should be their view on the purpose of the organization. It is all based on some ethical principles. The descriptive approach of the stakeholder theory deals with the actual behavior of the managers and stakeholders towards the organization. This theory is concerned with managers and stakeholders i. e. how they actually view their actions and roles. There is another approach to the Stakeholder theory which is known as Instrumental stakeholder theory which is concerned about how the managers and stakeholders should behave if they want to work on their own interest. In some literature own interest is considered as the objective of the organization i. e. maximization of shareholders wealth and profit maximization of the organization. So in all we can say that generally there are three approaches to the managerial stakeholder theory first normative approach second descriptive approach and the third is Instrumental approach. As the concept of the Stakeholder theory has got popular among organizations resultantly different definitions of the stakeholder has been developed. The question arises what is a Stakeholder? Stanford Research Institute (SRI) defines the stakeholder as â€Å"those groups without whose support organization would cease to exist. † This definition is given in the book of Freeman. After this Freeman gave another definition of the Stakeholder that â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives. † After this Freeman continued to use these definitions in a modified form â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and the success of the organizations. So, we can say that there is no a particular definition of stakeholder which is accepted by the entire business community but yes, they use it according to their needs. Now when the definition of stakeholder is clear the other question comes in front of us and that is who the stakeholders are? We can classify the stakeholders in group of people who are associated with the organization. The main groups of stakeholders are: Customers, Employees , Local Communities, Suppliers and Distributers and Shareholders. This classification of stakeholders is done by Friedman. He has also considered some other groups as stakeholders in addition, these groups are: The media, the public in general, business partners, future generations, past generations (founders of the organization), academics, competitors, NGO’s or activists, stakeholder representatives such as trade unions or trade associations of suppliers or distributors, financiers other than stockholders (debt holders, bond holders and creditors), government, regulators and policymakers. After the classification of the stakeholder there are some other sub classifications such as media will be categorized as Print media, Television, radio. Similarly, other classifications are having their sub categories and definitions (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). If we talk about the history of the stakeholder theory, it came into existence in the mid of 1980. The person who gave this theory to the world is Richard Edward Freeman. The credit of the popularization of stakeholder concept goes to Freeman. The title of his work is Strategic Management and only the subtitle is A Stakeholder Approach and came out in 1984. The concept of stakeholder of Freeman was done on the perspective of company. He built on the process work of Ion Mitroff, Richard Mason, and James Emshoff. The word stakeholder came from research work in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1960. After this the concept of stakeholder was heavily influenced by the planning department of the Lockheed Company and these ideas were developed from the researching done by Igor Ansoff and Robert Steward. Dodd said that GEC was already identifying four groups with whom they had to deal with. These four groups were: shareholders, employees, customers and general public. After this in 1990’s Johnson and Johnson added one more group to this category and this group was of managers. Further the concept of stakeholder theory got modified by Friedman and is still on the way of modification. Theories and frameworks which were traditional were not efficient enough to help managers to develop new strategic directions. Freeman says that the old theories were not consistent with the quality and kind of change which were taking place in the environment of 1980’s. In Freeman’s word it was not enough to solve the calls for increased productivity using the methods from Japan or Europe. According to Freeman, â€Å"The emergence of new groups, events and issues which cannot be readily understood within the framework of an existing model or theory†¦ It makes us uncomfortable because it cannot be readily assimilated into the relatively more comfortable relationships with suppliers, owners, customers and employees†¦ It originates and the murky area labeled environment and affects our ability cope with internal changes. † Freeman made his view of the firm as a common hub and managers were not mentioned in this hub as they work within the firm so they will automatically be included in the hub (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). The word Stakeholder was chosen by Freeman on the basis of the traditional word Stockholder. Stockholder is a word which takes only a look on the economic point of view but Stakeholder considers a group of people who can affect or can get affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. Means stakeholder is a broader term and stockholder is a narrower term which can come under stakeholder. Now we will be discussing Normative, Descriptive and Instrumental theories of stakeholder separately. The aim of normative approach of the stakeholder theory is to understand the moral or philosophical guidelines linked to the activities or the management of the corporations. In descriptive approach we consider the behavior of the managers towards the stakeholders, means how they deal with the stakeholders. On the other hand instrumental approach study the organizational consequences of taking into account stakeholders in management examining the connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the achievement of various corporate governance goals. Normative theory is the core of the stakeholder theory. It answers the questions like what are the responsibilities of the companies in respect of the stakeholders. And why should companies take care of others interests than the shareholder’s interests. Many authors accept that relationships between the firm and the stakeholders are based on the moral commitments and normative approach deals with the same. Freeman and Evan gave their normative theory based on the definition of stakeholder that â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and success of the corporation. These groups involve customers, employees, suppliers, communities, shareholders and managers. Evan and Freeman proposed two principles: Principle of corporate legitimacy and the stakeholder fiduciary principle. The first principle says that the company should be managed for the benefits of its stakeholders and also stakeholders must participate in decision making. The second principle states that management must act as an agent of the stakeholders for the welfare of the stakeholders and to insure the survival of the firm. After this there were other principles developed by Freeman in normative approach e. g. The principle of entry and exit, the principle of governance, the principle of externalities, the principle of contracting costs, the agency principle and the principle of limited immortality (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). Off course these principles are having their particular definitions. After normative approach if we discuss about analytical approach of the stakeholder theory then we must notice that it is the combination of instrumental and descriptive approach. This analytical approach was proposed by Donaldson and Preston. The analytical theory answers the question: how to organize into the hierarchy stakeholder’s influence. Let us first discuss Freeman’s theory. He gave two definitions of the stakeholders: â€Å"Group of people who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. † â€Å"Those groups who are vital to the survival of the organization. † According to the Freeman it is necessary to understand who are those groups who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the objectives of the firm? He said that each MNC should be clear about its stakeholder and for that he suggested following questions: Who are our current and potential stakeholders? What are their interests and rights? How does each stakeholder affect us? How do we affect each stakeholder? How do we keep score with our stakeholder? And many more questions are there in the list. Now when we talk about stakeholder theory and its practical application on corporate social disclosure principles then the theory of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into its existence. According to Gray, â€Å"to place corporate social disclosures in a theoretical context, several broad, overlapping groups of theories concerning information flows between organizations and society have been used. † Theories which are social nd political in nature and deal with the flow of information from companies to the stakeholders are considered more appropriate for the explanation of corporate social disclosures (CSD). Development of the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory is based on the political economy perspective. Even the perspectives for both the theories are same but there are big differences among them. S takeholder theory is recognized when an organization has to deal with its stakeholders at micro – level and legitimacy theory is applied at a conceptual level (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). Donaldson amp; Preston stated that, â€Å"Stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumental power and normative validity. These three aspects of theory, although interrelated; are quite distinct. They involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. † This research work is based on the descriptive aspect of the stakeholder theory because this is the only aspect of stakeholder theory which is applicable to the real world. Mitchell claims that stakeholder theory attempts to articulate a fundamental question in a systematic way: which groups are stakeholders deserving or requiring management attention, and which are not? † So, the descriptive approach of stakeholder theory clearly explains that who are the stakeholder accountable for the organization and in this way practical application of stakeholder theory is required to explain the phenomenon of motivation for corporate social disclosure. Stakeholder analysis requires the identification of the stakeholders who are in the need of information from the organization or we can say that who are the stakeholders having some right to have the information (van der Laan 2009). Also it clears that why these stakeholders require the information and others don’t. While deciding the appropriate group of stakeholders to provide the information and the essential information CSDs results in conflict between stakeholders. There are no sufficient research works available which can clarify the CSD’s concept taking descriptive aspect of stakeholder theory into consideration. Social disclosures are used strategically to manage relationships with stakeholders by influencing the level of external demands originating from many different constituencies. Robert applied the framework of Ullmann and found â€Å"Stakeholder power, Strategic posture and economic performance are significantly related to the levels of CSDs and which is used by organizational managers as a proactive method of managing stakeholders and their organizational environment. † Thus we can say that the descriptive approach of managerial stakeholder theory provides a framework in which we analyze the CSD in a centered way. The only limitation of the theory is that it provides the information of organization to the stakeholders who are really in the need of it. References: Ruebottom, T amp; Crane, A 2011, Stakeholder theory and social identity: Rethinking stakeholder identification, J Bus Ethics, vol. 102, pp. 77-87. Laan, S 2009, The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosure: voluntary disclosure vs ‘solicited’ disclosure, Australasian accounting business and finance journal, vol. , no. 4. Reed, D 1999, Stakeholder management theory: a critical theory perspective, Accessed on 3 august 2012, http://www. yorku. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Fonatine, C, Haarman, A amp; Schmid, S 2006, The Stakeholder theory, Accessed on 3 August 2012, http://www. yorku. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Colorado community colleges 2012, five criteria for evaluating web pages, Viewed on 3 August 2012, http://www. ccconline. rg/Library_Resourc es/Evaluating_Sources/Five_Criteria Heath, J amp; Norman, W 2004, Stakeholder theory, corporate governance and public management, Journal of business ethics, vol. 53, pp. 247-265. Reynolds, S, Schultz, F amp; Hekman, D 2006, Stakeholder theory and managerial decision making: constraints and implications of balancing stakeholder interests, Journal of business ethics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 285-301. Phillips, R, Freeman, R, amp; Wicks, A 2003, what stakeholder theory is not, Business ethics quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 479-502. How to cite Managerial Stakeholder Theory, Papers

Embodied Methodologies Challenges and Reflections

Question: Discuss about the Embodied Methodologies for Challenges and Reflections. Answer: Introduction Communication is the basis for the exchange of information among people and effective communication determines the failure or success of organisations. Effective models of enterprise mobility are very important when it comes to promoting and maintaining efficient communication by using various technologies within an organisation. Communication forms one of the key components that also comprise several features which are useful for running a successful and profitable business (Business Communication Quarterly, 2009). In any organisation, communication between employees has the potential to dramatically affect the process of workflow and in turn the business process and its success. The absence of effective communication and tools can drastically affect the work performance of an organisation be it of any nature. Additionally, the lack of skills to identify the need for communication systems and recognizing which kind of communication system will be the most effective can also be a har d blow to an organisations overall business and profitability. Therefore, the implementation and maintenance of communication systems are extremely crucial depending upon the organisations requirements (Vaidya and Shah, 2014). It is also a very challenging responsibility to choose the right kind of real-time communication system that will perfectly comply with a specific organisational setup and go with its nature. There are several factors to consider when it comes to choosing the right kind of communication system to promote enhanced communications (Derwesh, 2015). These factors include reliability, easy maintenance, expenses and management, fault tolerance, liability, risk factors included, longevity, availability of features, and the like. The communication system must also be able to adapt itself flexibly with its surroundings and continuously change with the changing needs of the organisation. Each of these factors has different weightage depending upon an organisations requir ements and demands. Real-time communication systems are being adapted by increasing number or organisations for their effective benefits in maintaining a well-structured communication between the employees, the peers, and the other stakeholders. Organisations understand the importance of different features of voice as well as Microsoft Lync Server 2013 technologies like offering advanced communication facilities and multimedia in real time for stimulating effective communication. Therefore, in order to come to terms with the challenging task of identifying the right kind of real-time communication system and also measuring the effectiveness of the specific real-time communication system in comparison to other such systems, the following research study will be carried out (Vaidya and Shah, 2014). For the effective carrying out of the research, a work proposal has been designed that outlines the different strategies and techniques that will be used. To find out the need for real-time communication systems Identifying Microsoft Lync Server 2013 as one of the types of real-time communication system and extending its development, functionality, and delivery Description of different features of Microsoft Lync Server 2013 like Usage of dial-in during conferences, pledge a meeting, present and add Microsoft presentation files, and go through Microsoft PowerPoint files. Advantage of Microsoft Lync Server 2013 With the collaboration of conferencing server and Microsoft the unified system was created known as Microsoft Lync Server 2013. It is the ultra-modern communication tool which works with the combination of all the communication methods known. The best part of Microsoft Lync Server 2013 is that it can be administered with just the help of a single infrastructure. The Lync 2013 has features such as file sharing, external and monitoring access, voice for the organization, video audio, archiving, fast messaging, attendant with speech, dynamic status, and it also have important features such as web conferences and all. Application integration The duration of the present study will be for six months starting from the month of August 2016 till the month of January 2017. In these four months, staffs will be categorised and divided into four groups depending upon the nature of work they share. The communication within the groups and outside the groups with peers and other staffs will be recorded through Microsoft Lync Server 2013 sessions twice a week. Additionally, their communication patterns will be recorded using email communications twice a week. The staffs will be chosen at random and interviewed using a couple of questions to obtain individual opinions regarding significance and modes of effective communication. A questionnaire survey will also be held twice a month. At the end of four months, data obtained will be interpreted and assessed using various statistical tools. Interpretation of data will take one months time. During this time, data will be collected from secondary sources too. At the end of January 2017, a complete report will be provided on the findings. Name of Activity Obtaining permission from the respective organisation Setting up of Microsoft Lync Server 2013 Data Collection (Primary Data) Data Interpretation and Secondary Data Collection Estimated no. of Days/Month needed 1 month (August) 3- 4 weeks 3 months 1 month Research Methodology The research methodologies chosen to carry out the present study will depict a mixture of methods. For carrying out the present study, positivism theory of philosophy will be used, the inductive approach will be used, Case study of an Oman organisation along with Survey strategies will be used to find out outcomes, and a mixed method will be used to collect both qualitative as well as quantitative data. Qualitative data provides us with a quality data while quantitative data provides us information in the form of numbers which can be interpreted in various ways statistically. Quantitative data will help the researcher to find out the patterns and propose a hypothesis. The hypothesis can be further tested through experiment strategies to check the validity of the hypothesis and accordingly state a theory (Coleman and Ringrose, 2013). For the following proposed study, the philosophical theory used will be a positivist. According to this philosophy, to conduct research importance is given on observation. Several observations will be taken and all of these observations will be described in real-time from an objective point of view. This philosophy will help to understand or discover the relationships of objects in real time and thereby helps to deduce laws or theories (Coleman and Ringrose, 2013). For the present study, this particular philosophical theory will be used to observe how Microsoft Lync Server 2013 is better in enhancing communication within an organisation when compared to other modes of real-time communication systems (Temple et al., 2010). To follow the positivist theory of philosophy, the researcher will need to have a series of observations which are repeatable. This helps to avoid biases and helps in comparison of objects in real time. The approach to be used for the present report will be the inductive approach. The inductive approach method will help the researcher to make observations, find a pattern from the set of repeatable observations as aforementioned by using positivist philosophy. Next, by using inductive approach, the researcher will be able to create a hypothesis by observing and then finding patterns. Finally, the hypothesis created, can be explored or validation through series of experiments and the hypothesis can then either be rejected or accepted and a theory will be constructed depending upon the outcomes of the experiments and findings. The inductive approach for the present study will help in observing the advantages, disadvantages, and other important things, find a pattern among them and propose a hypothesis. Implementation strategies A research strategy will usually have a goal, as to why the research is being carried out. Next, a research strategy will have a set of procedures or steps which when properly followed by the researcher will help them to achieve expected results. Additionally, a research strategy will have a set of proposed techniques that will be involved to fulfil each of the steps proposed in the procedural portion. In order to find the effectiveness of video conference system as a prime tool for promoting enhanced real-time communication system, a Case Study will be conducted on the Oman Refinery Company. The organisational structure of the company will be thoroughly assessed and Microsoft Lync Server 2013 will be used to monitor the inter-organisational communications. Furthermore, a survey strategy will also be utilised to take note of the opinions of individual staffs and employees working within the organisation regarding the effective ways of communication and its significances. Case study strategy will help the researcher to study the characteristics and features from a real-life organisation while survey strategy will help the researcher to find patterns existing in the data (Coleman and Ringrose, 2013). Choices between various communication server and Microsoft Lync Server 2013 Data of both qualitative and quantitative nature will be collected. Qualitative data will help the researcher to identify the various features of a typically small sample of data as well as understand the importance of each of the features so as to be able to recognise patterns from a set of observations and deduce a hypothesis. Quantitative data will help the researcher to focus on finding the set of patterns from the obtained data by using a large amount of data usually (Chadwick, 2016). Depending on the objectives of the present research and the issues that have to be investigated, it will be best if all the staffs within the organisation can be interviewed. However, because of time restrictions and the huge number of staffs working in the company, a random sampling method will be used to select people for the questionnaire and interview experiments. The random method reduces biases and ensures the equal probability of each one of the individuals being included (Coleman and Ringrose, 2013). Primary and Secondary Data Collection Data collected will be of primary nature and also from secondary sources. The case study on Oman Refinery Company will provide primary data while the internet and peer-reviewed journals from the college library will be used to obtain already published data. For collecting quantitative data, the primary source will be observing the staffs and employees of the organisation. Microsoft Lync Server 2013 is set up to note down the changes happening over communication patterns (Enhanced Onion Routing Framework for MANETs, 2015). For comparison purposes, one control set having no real time communication system and another set having to email as the real-time communication system will be used. Questionnaires will be established and the staffs and employees of the organisation will take part in these questionnaires. Furthermore, interviews with individuals will also be conducted (Coleman and Ringrose, 2013). For secondary research, literature reviews will be done, peer reviewed journals from t he college library as well as from the internet will be used. Data Analysis and Interpretation Data interpretation is of crucial importance as because until and unless some collection data is interpreted, one cannot come to know what will the possible outcomes of carrying out a certain research or study. Therefore, it is very important to assess the obtained data and interpret it in the best possible manner to provide proper outcomes of a project. The quantitative data collected will be measured through various statistical tools like average, central tendency, frequency distribution, correlation, etc. Results will be analysed with the help of Excel spreadsheet and graphs will be drawn in order to analyse all the data procured. For analysing the qualitative data, all the opinions of the interviewee were noted and recorded for considering them during analysis of the findings. These opinions will be used to predict the patterns of outcomes on the basis of theoretical propositions. Such propositions will thereby be used for analysing in the process of data processing (Internationa l Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory Practice, 2012). Ethics can be referred to as the level of appropriateness measures followed during the course of carrying out of a research especially during the process of data collection. First and foremost, the employees and staffs who will be taking part in the research study will be informed that their opinions and answers will be recorded for the purpose of scientific study and research (Vaidya and Shah, 2014). No questions were asked to any of the employees regarding confidential matters of the organisation. Methods have been carefully chosen to ensure avoiding biases as much as possible. The research methodologies are chosen to ensure best of the interest of the researcher. However, some limitations remain as one research is not enough to find out the answers to all kinds of questions or research objectives. The present research methods have identified only Microsoft Lync Server 2013 as the choice of the real-time communication system and have compared its effectiveness only with one other mode of communication- emails. The duration of the research is limited owing to time constraints and availability of a paltry number of resources; staffs interviewed and the group of staffs observed were only a few and for only a limited period of time. Conclusion The following research proposal provides a detailed explanation about the research methodologies to be used for carrying out the present study on importance of communication server administration. The work proposal establishes the importance of communication which forms the basis for exchanging information amongst people and also for the establishment of effective communication. This is very important as it determines the success or failure of an organisation is it of any nature. Therefore, the implementation and maintenance of communication systems are extremely crucial depending upon the organisations requirements. It is also a very challenging responsibility to choose the right kind of real-time communication system that will perfectly comply with a specific organisational setup and go with its nature. References Business Communication Quarterly. (2009). Business Communication Quarterly, 72(2), pp.145-145. Chadwick, R. (2016). Embodied methodologies: challenges, reflections and strategies. Qualitative Research. Coleman, R. and Ringrose, J. (2013). Deleuze and research methodologies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Derwesh, M. (2015). Integrating Internet Protocol (IP) Multicast over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) for Real Time Video Conferencing Data Transmission. IJARCCE, pp.368-372. Enhanced Onion Routing Framework for MANETs. (2015). International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(12), pp.967-970. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory Practice. (2012). International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), p.ebi-ebi. Temple, V., Drummond, C., Valiquette, S. and Jozsvai, E. (2010). A comparison of intellectual assessments over Microsoft Lync Server 2013 and in-person for individuals with ID: preliminary data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), pp.573-577. Vaidya, S. and Shah, K. (2014). Real Time Video Surveillance System. International Journal of Computer Applications, 86(14), pp.22-27.